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香港,中国 - Media OutReach - 201942 - 现在很多儿童从小开始使用智能电话、平板电脑等电子产品,近距离看电子屏幕的时间越来越长,患上近视的年龄有提早的趋势。根据世界卫生组织报告,包括中国及香港在内,东亚地区患近视的人口比例相对欧美国家为高;也有研究指出东亚地区儿童多于年龄较小时便出现近视。香港则有近五成的六至十二岁在学儿童患有近视。在香港进行的调查更发现,患近视的学前儿童人数在十年间上升了接近三倍。

孩子近视加深无可避免?

范舒屏医生

香港养和医院眼科专科

  

深近视增白内障、青光眼风险

眼睛长期维持近距离对焦会令眼球变长,令影像聚焦在视网膜前方而形成近视。一旦眼球变长,便无法回复原状。香港养和医院眼科专科范舒屏医生表示,近年儿童越来越早出现近视,在发育期间有机会加深近视的年期因此相对延长。每年加深50100度近视,为平均速度;而达到500度以上则属于深度近视。若儿童在发育期间近视一直加深,会增加往后成年患上白内障、青光眼等眼疾的风险;甚至有机会出现视网膜脱落或黄斑出血的情况,伤害眼睛健康。

 

近视可受先天遗传及后天习惯影响。如果父母双方都患有近视,子女患近视的机会可达到三倍以上。而一些日常生活习惯,例如长时间维持近距离视物及缺乏户外活动,亦会增加儿童患上近视的机会。

 

治疗减慢近视加深速度

控制儿童近视的目的是为了减慢近视加深,其中经医生处方的阿托品 (Atropine) 眼药水是常用的治疗方法。香港中文大学的研究发现,使用低剂量阿托品眼药水一年后可有效减慢近视加深的速度。国外临床研究亦指出,不同近视深浅程度的儿童使用低剂量的阿托品眼药水均有效减慢近视加深;而且,完成首两年的治疗后如需继续用药仍同样有效。

 

使用低剂量阿托品眼药水的疗程一般需持续两年以上,期间需每半年至一年定期监察近视加深的进度及副作用。因阿托品眼药水可用于扩张瞳孔,或会导致视力模糊及惧光的副作用。范医生解释,应用于治疗近视的阿托品剂量很低,因此副作用很少。即使因副作用影响日常生活而需要停药,近视亦甚少出现反弹性加深。另外,因阿托品眼药水或需长期使用,选择眼药水时亦可考虑配方中是否含有可能刺激眼睛的防腐剂成份。

 

注意日常护眼习惯

范医生提醒,要有效控制儿童近视,除了接受治疗例如处方眼药水来减慢加深速度,在日常生活习惯上也需注意近距离用眼时的环境光线及阅读距离。同时,每20分钟近距离阅读或使用电子屏幕后,应远望20秒,让双眼休息及放松。并应尽量缩短使用电子屏幕的时间,多进行户外活动,保持眼睛健康发育。

 

 参考资料

 

1.     The impact of myopia and high myopia: Report of the Joint World Health Organization -- Brien Holden Vision Institute Global Scientific Meeting on Myopia, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia, 16-18 March 2015.

2.     Rudnicka AR, et al. Br J Ophthalmol 2016;100:882-890.

3.     Non-Communicable Diseases Watch, June 2016. Can you see clearly, kid? Available at: http://www.chp.gov.hk/files/pdf/ncd_watch_jun2016.pdf

4.     Yam JC, Jiang Y, Tang SM, et al. Ophthalmology 2018.

5.     Chia A, Lu Q, Tan D. Ophthalmology 2016;123:391-399.

6.     Li SM, Wu SS, Kang MT, et al. Optom Vis Sci 2014;91:342-350.

7.     Cooper J, Weibel K, Borukhov G. Vision Dev & Rehab 2018;4:12-28.

Source http://www.media-outreach.com/release.php/View/8407#Contact